DEVELOPMENT NOTES CLASS 10 ECONOMICS CBSE BOARD

Development

Different persons can have different developmental goals :-

•Landless labourers - More days of work and better wages; local school is able to quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.

•prosperous framers from Punjab - Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hard working and cheap labours; they should be able to settle their children abroad.

For Development people look at mixed goals

Besides seeking more income, one-way or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom security and respect of other. They resent discrimination. All these are important goals.

Example:

• If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it would try to consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to leam.

• If there is respect for women there would be more sharing of house work and greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

National Development:-

• Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notion of a country's development.

 
.• National development is a complex concept encompassing improvement in all or some aspects of social,economic, political, technological and above all cultural aspects of a nation or country.

• Criteria Of Comparing Development in Different Countries or States:

 1. Income criteria

Income — For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. To find out the income of

country we have to find out the national income of that country and its Per Capita Income.

• National Income — It means total value of finished goods and services produced in a country in a year. Total income of total population is national income.

Limitation — For comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.

• Per Capita Income — When national income is divided by total population we get per capita income.

• Limitations:- There are certain limitations while we use it namely : —

• Per Capita Income conveys no direct information regarding distribution of income

• While estimating per capita income, goods and services which the consumers buy through nonmarket transactions are generally not considered.

• Per capita income is not an adequate measure of development as it ignores literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality ratio, etc. 

World Bank Criteria-

Countries are generally divided into developed, developing and under developed on the basis of their per capita income.

In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the
category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just HS$ 1820 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

• Other countries for comparing Two States or Countries.

Some of the other common attributes used for comparing two states or countries are

Infant Mortality Rate -— It indicates the number of children that die before the age Of one year aq
proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year. Literacy rate — It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio — It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school
as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
Life Expectancy — It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

Public Facilities 

Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.

Money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines. Money
may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.

• Human Development

Human Development Index:-

Human Development Index is a statistical tool to measure the overall development of human beings. This was Human Development Index introduced by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

• HDI stands for Human Development Index. FID! ranks in above table are out of 189 countries in all.
• Life Expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
• Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in away so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country.

 

Sustainability of Development

 
It means that development in future should continue with the same pace with which it is running now. But its not
that easy. As most of the resources are non-renewable, in future when these resources will get exhausted, it will
affect the pace of development. same way resources which are renewable, it they get polluted they would be Of no use in future. For Sustainable development, we would have to ensure better technology which will ensure best use of resources. Use of substitute goods will ensure the availability of non-renewable resocures for long time.